Wikibook: Memory
· Types: sensory, short-term (working memory), long term memory.
o All of these three are the interface between perception and memory systems.
· Sensory memory:
o Iconic memory (visual input): lasts for less than 1 sec
o Echoic memory (auditory input): less than 5 seconds
§ When someone is talking to you while you’re talking to someone else, and you still know what they’re saying/
· What allows the transfer of these types of things to become a more durable memory?
o Attention determines this (ex. Shadow task – attending to one stimuli in the right ear, but not attending to the left: you loose everything from the left. *This is an example of high perceptual load).
· If you have an easy task (low perception load), late selection may come into play – effected by high cognitive load, that is, if you have a lot of stuff in working memory.
· Main characteristics of short-term memory:
o A link between sensory memory and long term memory
o It can handle 5-9 pieces of info (chunks) or maybe 3-5. (George Miller and the magical number 7 _+or- 2).
o Chunking- process of bundling information.
o Info is held for 15-30 seconds, measured by giving the person a distracter task at the same time
· How are they maintained? In working memory?
o By voluntary attention (maybe working memory and attention are closely linked).
· Where did working memory come from?
o Baddley said that working memory’s purpose is not to hold info, but to work with or manipulate the information. To carry out a task.
o Use of information to achieve a goal you have.
o Wm can process different kinds of information simultaneously, so wm is not just one thing
§ Visually-based and auditory based and space based.
· What lead to the concept of working memory?
o The will to do something with information
o Process different types of information simultaneously
· Different components of working memory:
o Phonological loop (sound based)
o Central executive (manager)
o Visual spatial sketch pad (visual-based)
· Its not the working memory can store info over time, but it can support other cognitive processes, while we do other things.
· The old model of memory is that memories come to senses, to working memory, and then to long term memory. But now, some people have impairments of working memory but not long term memory. So, maybe we don’t have to go through working memory to store a memory…
· Long term memory, main forms:
o Declarative memory (explicit)
§ We can consciously recall – awareness of having experienced these things.
§ 2 types
· semantic (can know things without having experienced it directly such as early childhood memories or other lands, etc)
· episodic (specific episodes in your life – personal sense of self).
o Implicit memory:
§ No conscious awareness (our behaviors may still be changed without our awareness, so the info is stored somewhere
§ 2 kinds:
· procedural (knowing how to do actions etc. maybe unconscious. Involves motor control areas or more mental procedures. More associated with doing).
· Perceptual priming (ex. Fragment completion – may also be unconscious… we were recently exposed so we are more likely to).
Lab notes _
· Our experiment was a within subjects design. IV with 3 levels (congruent, incongruent, and baseline).
· We found the median and response times for each condition for each person.
o We used medians because some people got distracted one time or were really fast one time, and that significantly effected the data.
· We checked to make sure that our data was normal to run tests.
· Main effect: the effects of one IV averaged across the levels of the other IV
· Interaction effects: are the lines parallel or not?
· Between subjects: are the lines close?
· Within subjects: is it inclining/declining from L to R?
· dual taks: we have 2 IV that re both within subjects. (box size and speed)
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