- What is change blindness?
- where people can't detect exactly what is changing (in a picture or in real life, etc).
- When they don't see the signal change happening, its hard for them to detect it.
- 1950 began the study of change blindness, but now the studies are more ecologically valid (they have implications for real life).
- What is a socode?
- A category of eye movements
- the period when your eyes are moving from one scene to another - rapid darting movements where your mind has to complete the idea.
- Socodic Suppression: during socode, visual perception may be shut off or maybe it blurs so we can't see what's happening. This may be when we have change blindness.
- Flicker Test: first there is a picture, then a blank screen, then another picture. It flickers back and forth until the person can detect the change.
- What are the conditions where we seem to fail to detect change?
- if you mess up the signal in the change
- if there are other elements for visual signals that distract from the change
- if a change occurs very gradually
- if you aren't expecting a change in that moment
- Major previous findings:
- attention is diverted which is change blindness.
- change blindness is less likely if the change is closely tied to the meaning of the scene.
- It may be necessary for you to have attention to the stimuli to be able to detect the change but...
- attention may not be sufficient for you to detect the change. Detecting it requires them to encode the information before and after the change, and then to be able to compare the two.
- What is it that will guarantee attention? What will make us attend to the change?
- we aren't really sure, but there may be two things:
- visual distinctiveness (external): things in the scene that grab out attention.
- expectations (internal): if you expect a change.
- Do experts do better at change blindness?
- yes, especially for semantically meaningful stimuli, but perhaps experts would be worse in things they aren't experts in? We don't know.
- Does change blindness mean that there is very little info represented in our minds?
- not necessarily, just that we need to represent the scene before and the scene after to compare them.
- maybe we have representations, but we don't think to compare them (ex. man reading map and person being switched in between)
- In addition, observers sucessfully recognize an object, even if they don't notice the change. They attended to it without locating the change.
- Can you detect changes and not know it?
- Mindsight- sensing a change without actually seeing it.
- But we aren't quite sure if this is right.
- Change blindness blindness: we think we are better at detecting changes than we are... this is a failure of metacognition.
- implications : driving while talking on a cell phone, etc. Activities where we have little conscious awareness.
Lab Notes:
- Interaction effects: when one variable differs at different levels of the other variable (ex. the effects of dosage is different for males or females, that is, the dosage effects males and females differently at different levels).
- main effects: overall influence of an I.V.
- effects of one IV averaged across the levels of the others.
- ANOVA - really is trying to break up the variable into pieces and analyzing the pieces.
- doing this assumes that the variances of each condition is about the same.
- Can check this with something like a boxplot display
- for our data, we have a strong p-value, but our variance for each condition may not be equal.
- Ceiling or floor effects: a restraint on the upper limit (ceiling) or lower limit (floor) that the value of a dependent variable can take.
- Besides just a within subjects or just a between subjects approach, you can also have a mixed design.
- For example, depressed people at 3 different times (within subjects variable) in 2 different treatment groups (between subjects variable).
- This example is a 3x2 mixed design
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